Appliance for illustrating the specific relation that exists between the faculties of sensation and emotion in the animal organism.



WITNESSES S- SCHOLFIELD. APPLIANCE FOR ILLUSTRATING THE SPECIFICRELATION THAT E XISTS BETWEEN THE FACULTIES 0F SBNSATIbN AND EMO'IION INTHE ANIMAL ORGANISM.

APPLICATION TILED NOVA, 1909. RENEWED AUG. 1, 1911.

1,019,703. Patented Mar. 5, 1912.

3 J. L W? o o 77? I d S! ,/Q o 1 o f f f I\ Z) [I FISI.

INVENTUR M2 M0 MK belongs.

{UNITED STATES PATENT oFF oE.

SOCItATES SCHOLFIELD, 0F PROVIDENCE, RHODE ISLAND.

APPLIANCE FOR ILLUSTRATING THE SPECIFIC RELATION THAT EXISTS BETWEEN.THE FACULTIES OF SENSATION AND EMOTION IN THE ANIMAL ORGANISM.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented Mar. 5, 1912.

Application filed November 4,1909, Serial No. 526,298. Renewed August 1,1911. Serial No. 641,697.

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, SOCRATES Sononrmnn, a citizen of the United States,residing at Providence, in the State .of Rhode Island, have invented anew and useful Appliance for Illustrating the Specific Relation thatExists between the Faculties of Sensation and Emotion in the AnimalOrganism, of which the following is a specification.

lVhen teaching pupils in schools the evidences of immortality that arederived from the data of practical mechanics and biology, it isdesirable to illustrate certain of these evidences by means of schematicmechanical appliances. And to this end the invention herein set forth,consists in an educational appliance adapted for use in imparting to thepupils of the school, a clear conception of the relation that existsbetween the faculties of sensation and emotion in the resilientcontrolling elen'ient of conscious sensibility, to which the attributeof immortality And in order to properly describe the nature and use ofthis appliance. it will be necessary to first set forth, in mechanicalterms, certain fundamental ideas concerning the faculties of sensationand emotion, that are to be illustrated thereby.

. member.

In the terminology of practical mechanics,

the words sensible and sensitive are used to characterize those materialresilient elements which, through their quality of automatic reaction,are adapted to indicate the varying conditions of an impinging energy.And we may employ the word sensive to specifically denote the sensibleand sensitive elements which pertain to consciousness. Also, inreferring to the parts of those in animate machines which are adaptedfor the discriminate dispensation of energy under varying conditions wemay employ the word en gin ery, to denote that portion of the mechanismin which the energy to be dispensed is embodied, and the words governor,and governing mechanism, to specify that portion which serves tosupervise and control the dispensation of the energy to meet the varyingconditions. And these terms are in equal degree applicable to thecorresponding parts in animal organisms. But in order to provide a termwhich will denote a distinction between animate and inanimate governingmechanisms, the animate governing mechanism may be called the governingIt is scientifically maintained that the ph'enomenon of animalconsciousness-is the result of constantly recurring changes oralternations of state occurring in a resilient controlling element ofconscious sensibility, in which the state of stress which is the basisof consciousness inheres. And since animal consclousness is completelyannihilated in sleep, and is likewise excluded upon physicalinterference with the flow ofblood in the brain, and does not persistcontinuously in the governmg element, we may logically conclude thatanimal consciousness is the result of the action of certain forms ofenergy, upon the resilient controlling element of conscious organism.

The governing pendulum of a clock receives at each oscillation a slightimpulse from the enginery, which serves to overcome the encounteredfrictional resistance, and thus maintain the successive rising andfalling movements of the pendulum weight as it swings back and forth inits curvilinear path, with the resulting product-ion of alternatingchanges of gravitational stress during these rising and fallingmovements. And we may reasonably posit that analogous mechanicallyinduced changes of stress in the resilient cont-rolling element ofconscious sensibility in the governing member of an animal organism willform the basis of a true consciousness.

\Ve find that certain mechanical governing mediums, like the oscillativependulum of a clock are adapted for resilient action upon either side oftheir median plane of static equilibrium. So, likewise, the resilientcontrolling element of conscious sensibility in the governing member ofan animal organism has a mediate state of static equilibrium andconsequent insensibility, to which it returns automatically when freedfrom the deflecting action of either'direct or inverse energies.

It is well known that by means of a resilient mechanical governor, manis able to impart to material mechanism the power of discriminatingmovement, which is a function of his own organism, thus enabling theinanimate machine to perform certain actions parallel with his own; andthis discriminating movement is always dependent upon the resiliency orstress which results in the governing element of the machine, whensensibility in the governing member of the internal energies.

Now if animal consciousness depends upon the existence of stress andresiliency in the controlling element of conscious sensibility in thegoverning member, weought tolbe able to point'out in some of thegovernors of" inanimate machines, an example of sensible action, whichcan be considered as analogous to that developed in the consciousgoverning spindle; Z), 6, the spherical balls of the govmember of theanimal organism. Adopting the rotary )endulum governor as a suitablelllllStlEihIOD, we find that it 1neludes oppositely arranged balls ofmatter,

acted upon by the uniform force of gravity, an adverse forc ofsuspension, and a force of rotation which develops a centrifugah forcewithin thekgovernor, tending to carry the bnlls'outwardly from under thepoint of suspension until a complete balance of the gravitative;suspensory and centrifugal forces has been attained. We thus have inthe. rotary pendulum governor, a balanced series of forces, twoofwhich--the centrifugal force and the force of grav1tat1on--are capableof sensible react pn against external impinging energies 'WlllCll tendto disturb their equillbrlum. L

.NVhe'n we employ the slidin'g'sleeveof the rotarypendulum governor asthe representative of an organ ofsense, by means of which the balancedforces? of the governor may be mechanically influenced to a state of,resistance or reaction, and impart an impulse toth'esliding sleeve from anexternal source of energy, then the equilibrium-between the gravitativeand centrifugal forces will be disturbed, with the resulting developmentof stress in the mechanism of the governor. But the analogousdevelopmentpf stress in the resilient controlling element of conscioussensibility in the animal organism, has been considered as a fundamentalelement iii the production of conscious sensation. And, sincetheresilientcontrolling element of conscious sensibility is adapted forfeelings of emotion as well asof sensation, we will be required toschematically illustrate by means of the" structural elements of ouradopted rotary pendulum governor. both the sensational and emotionalfacultiesof the governing member of the animal organism. I

Theimpelling incentive for the construction and use of the rotarypendulum governor for the regulation of the speed of machinery is theemotion of fear. For, whenever the speed of the motive engine of afactory is caused to vary at any time from its proper zero rate, by theeffect of occurring changes in mechanical resistance, the fear of animpending unallowable variation of speed demands an immediate regulatingaction to check and limit such variation.

Hence the'rotary pendulum governor when ernor; c, 0, the downwardlyextending arms of the pendulums; d, a jointed supporting collar for thearms; 6, the sliding sleeve; f, f, the. links which serve to connect thesliding sleeve with the arms; 9, a strap loosely held in a groove; h. ahand lever jointed to the strap and fulcrumed at for imparting verticalmovement to the"sleeve in either direction upon the spindle during therotation of the. governor;'j, a balance wheel and crank loosely securedto the upwardly extending hub of the rotary supporting collar d,beingconnected thereto by means of the engaging and releasing movementshown enlarged in the horizontal. section Fig. 2, which is taken in theline ;z y of Fig. 1. In this movement a ball k, is'so held in thetapering chamber Z of the hub m, that when the, crank j is turned in onedirection, rotary motion will be imparted to the collar a, and theconnected-arms c, 0,

of the governor; but when turned in the opposite direction the crankwill be released from its engagement with the collar so that a reversemotion will not be-impartedr And .by the employment of this'engaging andreleaslng movement,- the rotation of the govornor may be readily kept upby means of a back and forth movement of the handle of the crank,instead of a rotary movement,-

be illustrated:

The specific direction of the force of susand the mechanical effect ofvibratory action pension when the balls of the rotating governor are inthe position shown in Fig. *1, is indicated by the arrow S; that of theforce of gravitation by the arrow G; and that of the force ofcentrifugal inertia by the arrow C; upon which latter force theresilient sensibility of the governor depends. And While the slidingsleeve 6 and the operating handle k may schematically represent thefaculty of sensation, the loose supporting collar 03 and theaccompanying means for the transmission of energy thereto may representthe fac ulty of emotion. Forywhen a variable impulse of rotation ispassed through the supporting collar 0? to the sensible balls 6, b, ofthe governor, their horizontal plane of static equilibrium will bevaried with every oc-.

curring variation in the, impulse transmitted, thus inducingcorresponding changes 1 of stress within the governing mechanism. And Wemay logically presume that an angies.

alogous internal change effected in the resilient controlling element ofconscious scnsibility will result in the development of emotion, whileon the other hand externally received impulses will result in sensation.

'Inanimate mechanisms are in all cases provided with a supporting frame,which constitutes a fixed fulcrum or reactive base for the dynamicaction of the elements of the mechanism, and serves to holdtheseelements in their proper working relations. Hence the resilientcontrolling element of conscious sensibility, must be provided with asupporting medium, which serves to maintain the distinct elementsthereof in proper operative connection in the presence of adverse ener-Such a supporting medium is schematically represented by the stationaryupright spindle (1, upon which the operating palrss of the rotarypendulum governor are e The forces ofthe governor that act specificallyupon the rotary collar d, are the combined downward and outward forcesof gravitation and centrifugal inertia, as indicated by the arrows C andG, act-ing upon the collar d through the arms 0, 0; together with theadverseforce of support, as indicatedby the arrow S upon the uprightspindle a. a i

The forced upward or downward movement of the sleeve e by means of thelever h, causes a corresponding movement of the balls I), b, from thezero plane of equilibrium w, 0:; whereby the centrifugal stress exertedupon the loose collar 0!, through the pendulum arms 0, 0, will be eitherincreased or diminished. And on the other hand, an increase ordiminution in the velocity of rotation imparted to the collar (l, causesan equilibrated elevation or depression of the sleeve 6, and the ballsof the governor, and also an increase or diminution of the centrifugalstress exerted upon the collar (Z, through the pendulum arms. Nowconsidering that the sleeve 6 represents an organ of sense, and thecollar 11 an organpf emotion, we may infer from the actlon of ourpendulum governor, that the attributes of sensation and emotion areoperatively connected in the resilient controlling element of conscioussensibility.

I claim as my invention:

1. In a schematic appliance for illustrating the specific relation thatexists between the faculties of sensation and emotion in the resilientcontrolling element of conscious sensibility in the animal organism, thecombination of a stationary, upright spindle, a rotary pendulum governorsupported for axial rotation upon said spindle, and having a rotarysupporting collar, a sliding sleeve, arms jointed to the collar, ballscarried by the arms, and connecting links between the arms and slidingsleeve, with means for imparting rotary movement to the support-ingcollar, and a hand operated lever connected with the sliding sleeve,whereby the balls of the governor may be optionally forced from their,plane of rotary e uilibrium and the resulting resilient sensibility ofthe governor be made manifest.

2. In a schematic appliance for illustrating the specific relation thatexists between the faculties of sensation and emotion in the resilientcont-rolling element of conscious sensibility in the animal organism,the combination of a stationary upright spindle, a rotary pendulumgovernor supported for axial rotation upon said spindle, and having arotary supporting collar, a sliding sleeve, arms joined to the collar,balls carried by the arms, and connecting links between the arms and thesliding sleeve, with a mechanical engaging and releasing movement forimparting rotary motion to said governor in one direction and not in theother, and a hand operated lever connected with the sliding sleeve,whereby the balls of the governor may be optionally forced fromtheirplane of rotary equilibrium, and the resilient sensibility, of theovernor be made manifest.

, SO RATES SCHOLFIELD.

Witnesses:

WALLACE C. Parsons, CHAS. E. SMITH.

